Education in the USA. Образование в США

Education in the USA (4)

The American education system consists of 3 basic components: elementary, secondary and higher education. There is also such a notion as preschool education. At the age of 4 or 5 children just get acquainted with the formal education in a nursery school. The preschool education programme aims to prepare children for elementary school through playing and help them to acquire the experience of association. It lasts for one year. Then they go to the first grade (or grade 1).

Elementary education starts when pupils are 6 years old. The programme of studies in the elementary school includes the following subjects: English, Arithmetic, Geography, History of the USA, Natural sciences, Physical Training, Singing, Drawing, wood or metal work. The education is mostly concentrated on the basic skills (speaking, reading, writing and arithmetic). Sometimes children also learn some foreign languages, general history and such new subjects as drug and sex education. The main goal of elementary education is the general intellectual, social and physical development of a pupil from 5 to 12 or 15 years old.

Secondary education begins when children move on to high or secondary school in the ninth grade, where they continue their studies until the twelfth grade. The secondary school curriculum is built around specific subjects rather than general skills. Although there is always a number of basic subjects in the curriculum: English, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies and Physical Education, the students have an opportunity to learn some elective subjects, which are not necessary for everybody. After the first two years of education they can select subjects according to their professional interests. The electives are to be connected with the students" future work or further education at university or college. Every high school has a special teacher - a guidance counselor who helps the students to choose these elective subjects. Moreover, he helps them with some social problems, too. The elective courses are different in various schools.

Members of each grade in high school have special names: students in the ninth grade are called freshmen, tenth graders are called sophomores, eleventh graders are juniors and as for twelfth graders, they are seniors.

After graduating from high schools the majority of the Americans go on studying at higher education establishments. In universities they have to study for four years to get a bachelor"s degree. In order to get a master"s degree they must study two years more and, besides, be engaged in a research work.

Образование в США (4)

Американская система образования состоит из трёх основообразующих компонентов: начального, среднего и высшего образования. Помимо этого, в Америке существует понятие дошкольного образования. В возрасте 4-5 лет дети только начинают знакомиться с образовательным процессом в детском саду. Цель программы дошкольного обучения - методом игры подготовить детей к начальной школе, помочь им получить опыт общения. Когда им исполняется 6 лет, они поступают в 1-й класс начальной школы.

Учебная программа начальной школы включает в себя следующие предметы: английский язык, арифметика, география, история США, природоведение, физкультура, пение, рисование, трудовое обучение. В основном акцент ставится на обучении базовым навыкам - разговорной речи, чтению, письму и арифметике. Иногда дети изучают какие-либо иностранные языки и всемирную историю, а также такие предметы, как сексуальное образование, и уроки, посвященные изучению социальной роли наркотических препаратов. Главная цель начального образования - всестороннее интеллектуальное, социальное и физическое развитие ребёнка в возрасте от 5 до 12 или 15 лет.

Среднее образование начинается, когда учащиеся переходят в старшую школу, в 9-й класс; затем они продолжают обучение до 12-го класса. Расписание средней школы больше нацелено на обучение конкретным предметам, нежели общим знаниям. И хотя в расписании всегда имеется набор базовых предметов - английский язык, математика, естествознание, обществознание и физкультура, - ребятам предоставляется возможность изучать предметы по выбору, которые не являются обязательными для всех учащихся. После первых двух лет обучения они выбирают предметы в соответствии со своими профессиональными интересами. Такие предметы должны быть связаны с будущей работой учащихся либо с последующим обучением в университете или колледже. В каждой средней школе есть специальный учитель - советник по профессиональной ориентации. Он помогает учащимся определиться с выбором предметов, а также даёт советы, относящиеся к области социальных проблем. Курсы предметов на выбор различаются в зависимости от школы.

Учащиеся каждого класса старшей школы имеют свои особые имена: девятиклассники называются новичками, десятиклассники - второкурсниками, одиннадцатиклассники - студентами предпоследнего курса, а двенадцатиклассники - выпускниками.

По окончании старшей школы подавляющее число американцев продолжают обучение в высших учебных заведениях. В университетах молодые люди должны проучиться 4 года и сдать 4 зачёта, чтобы получить степень бакалавра. Для получения степени магистра нужно учиться ещё 2 года и заниматься научно-исследовательской работой. После этого студент может сделать ещё ряд необходимых работ, которые дадут ему возможность стать доктором наук.

Questions:

1. At what age do American students start and finish their compulsory education?
2. How are the school years called in the United States?
3. The length of the school year varies among the states, doesn"t it?
4. What are the basic components of American education?
5. Do all children have to attend a nursery school?
6. When does elementary education start?
7. What is the main aim of elementary education?
8. The secondary school curriculum doesn"t imply a number of basic subjects, does it?
9. What are elective subjects?
10. Who is a guidance counselor?

Vocabulary:
compulsory - обязательный
to involve - включать
schooling - обучение в школе
to be divided into - делиться на
trimester - триместр
quarter - четверть
respectively - соответственно
to vary - варьироваться
to consist of - состоять из
elementary education - начальное образование
secondary education - среднее образование
higher education - высшее образование
notion - понятие
preschool education - дошкольное образование
to get acquainted with - знакомиться с
nursery school - детский сад
to aim - быть нацеленным
to acquire the experience of association - получить опыт общения
grade - класс
General History - всеобщая история
sex and drug education - сексуальное образование и уроки, посвященные изучению социальной роли наркотиков
skill - навык
goal - цель
curriculum - расписание, учебный план
specific - конкретный, определённый
Social Studies - обществознание
opportunity - возможность
elective subject - предметы по выбору
according to - в соответствии с
guidance counselor - советник по профессиональной ориентации
various - разнообразный
freshman - новичок
sophomore - студент второго курса колледжа или ученик 10-го класса средней школы
junior - студент предпоследнего курса колледжа или ученик 11-го класса средней школы
senior - студент последнего класса колледжа или ученик 12-го класса средней школы
majority - большинство
bachelor"s degree - степень бакалавра
master"s degree - степень магистра
to be engaged in - заниматься чем-либо
research work - научно-исследовательская работа

Education in the United States of America is compulsory for children from the age of 6 till 16 (or 18). It involves 12 years of schooling. A school year starts at the end of August or at the beginning of September and ends in late June or early July. The whole school year is divided into three terms/trimesters or four quarters. American students have winter, spring and summer holidays which last 2 or 3 weeks and 6 or 8 weeks, respectively. The length of the school year varies among the states as well as the day length. Students go to school 5 days a week.
The American education system consists of 3 basic components: elementary, secondary and higher education. There is also such a notion as preschool education. At the age of 4 or 5 children just get acquainted with the formal education in a nursery school. The preschool education programme aims to prepare children for elementary school through playing and help them to acquire the experience of association. It lasts for one year. Then they go to the first grade (or grade 1).
Elementary education starts when pupils are 6 years old. The programme of studies in the elementary school includes the following subjects: English, Arithmetic, Geography, History of the USA, Natural sciences, Physical Training, Singing, Drawing, wood or metal work. The education is mostly concentrated on the basic skills (speaking, reading, writing and arithmetic). Sometimes children also learn some foreign languages, general history and such new subjects as drug and sex education. The main goal of elementary education is the general intellectual, social and physical development of a pupil from 5 to 12 or 15 years old.
Secondary education begins when children move on to high or secondary school in the ninth grade, where they continue their studies until the twelfth grade. The secondary school curriculum is built around specific subjects rather than general skills. Although there is always a number of basic subjects in the curriculum: English, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies and Physical Education, the students have an opportunity to learn some elective subjects, which are not necessary for everybody. After the first two years of education they can select subjects according to their professional interests. The electives are to be connected with the students" future work or further education at university or college. Every high school has a special teacher - a guidance counselor who helps the students to choose these elective subjects. Moreover, he helps them with some social problems, too. The elective courses are different in various schools.
Members of each grade in high school have special names: students in the ninth grade are called freshmen, tenth graders are called sophomores, eleventh graders are juniors and as for twelfth graders, they are seniors.
After graduating from high schools the majority of the Americans go on studying at higher education establishments. In universities they have to study for four years to get a bachelor"s degree. In order to get a master"s degree they must study two years more and, besides, be engaged in a research work.

Образование в США (4)

Образование в Соединённых Штатах Америки обязательно для детей от 6 до 16 (или 18) лет. Оно подразумевает 12 лет учёбы в школе. Учебный год в Америке начинается в конце августа или в начале сентября, а заканчивается в конце июня или в начале июля. Учебный год состоит из трёх триместров или четырёх четвертей. Зимние, весенние и летние каникулы длятся 2-3 или 6-8 недель соответственно. Продолжительность учебного года и учебного дня варьируется в зависимости от штата. Дети учатся 5 дней в неделю и добираются до школы, как правило, на школьном автобусе.
Американская система образования состоит из трёх основообразующих компонентов: начального, среднего и высшего образования. Помимо этого, в Америке существует понятие дошкольного образования. В возрасте 4-5 лет дети только начинают знакомиться с образовательным процессом в детском саду. Цель программы дошкольного обучения - методом игры подготовить детей к начальной школе, помочь им получить опыт общения. Когда им исполняется 6 лет, они поступают в 1-й класс начальной школы.
Учебная программа начальной школы включает в себя следующие предметы: английский язык, арифметика, география, история США, природоведение, физкультура, пение, рисование, трудовое обучение. В основном акцент ставится на обучении базовым навыкам - разговорной речи, чтению, письму и арифметике. Иногда дети изучают какие-либо иностранные языки и всемирную историю, а также такие предметы, как сексуальное образование, и уроки, посвященные изучению социальной роли наркотических препаратов. Главная цель начального образования - всестороннее интеллектуальное, социальное и физическое развитие ребёнка в возрасте от 5 до 12 или 15 лет.
Среднее образование начинается, когда учащиеся переходят в старшую школу, в 9-й класс; затем они продолжают обучение до 12-го класса. Расписание средней школы больше нацелено на обучение конкретным предметам, нежели общим знаниям. И хотя в расписании всегда имеется набор базовых предметов - английский язык, математика, естествознание, обществознание и физкультура, - ребятам предоставляется возможность изучать предметы по выбору, которые не являются обязательными для всех учащихся. После первых двух лет обучения они выбирают предметы в соответствии со своими профессиональными интересами. Такие предметы должны быть связаны с будущей работой учащихся либо с последующим обучением в университете или колледже. В каждой средней школе есть специальный учитель - советник по профессиональной ориентации. Он помогает учащимся определиться с выбором предметов, а также даёт советы, относящиеся к области социальных проблем. Курсы предметов на выбор различаются в зависимости от школы.
Учащиеся каждого класса старшей школы имеют свои особые имена: девятиклассники называются новичками, десятиклассники - второкурсниками, одиннадцатиклассники - студентами предпоследнего курса, а двенадцатиклассники - выпускниками.
По окончании старшей школы подавляющее число американцев продолжают обучение в высших учебных заведениях. В университетах молодые люди должны проучиться 4 года и сдать 4 зачёта, чтобы получить степень бакалавра. Для получения степени магистра нужно учиться ещё 2 года и заниматься научно-исследовательской работой. После этого студент может сделать ещё ряд необходимых работ, которые дадут ему возможность стать доктором наук.

Questions:

Vocabulary:

compulsory - обязательный
to involve - включать
schooling - обучение в школе
to be divided into - делиться на
trimester - триместр
quarter - четверть
respectively - соответственно
to vary - варьироваться
to consist of - состоять из
elementary education - начальное образование
secondary education - среднее образование
higher education - высшее образование
notion - понятие
preschool education - дошкольное образование
to get acquainted with - знакомиться с
nursery school - детский сад
to aim - быть нацеленным
to acquire the experience of association - получить опыт общения
grade - класс
General History - всеобщая история
sex and drug education - сексуальное образование и уроки, посвященные изучению социальной роли наркотиков
skill - навык
goal - цель
curriculum - расписание, учебный план
specific - конкретный, определённый
Social Studies - обществознание
opportunity - возможность
elective subject - предметы по выбору
according to - в соответствии с
guidance counselor - советник по профессиональной ориентации
various - разнообразный
freshman - новичок
sophomore - студент второго курса колледжа или ученик 10-го класса средней школы
junior - студент предпоследнего курса колледжа или ученик 11-го класса средней школы
senior - студент последнего класса колледжа или ученик 12-го класса средней школы
majority - большинство
bachelor"s degree - степень бакалавра
master"s degree - степень магистра
to be engaged in - заниматься чем-либо
research work - научно-исследовательская работа

The US educational system is much decentralized and schools vary greatly from state to state. There are three levels of subsidizing of education: federal, state and local. They subsidize 3-5 per cent on a federal level, around 20 per cent on a state level and 70-80 per cent on a local level.

There are 15,000 school districts which are different in size. A school district is governed by the Board of Education/School Board/School Council which is elected every two years by the residents of the school district. Members of school boards perform their responsibilities on a volunteer basis, that means they do not get any salaries. They are to define the policies for the administration of the school district. Teachers, in turn, decide about the program and approaches of teaching.

Every resident pays a school tax to the school district he/she lives in, no matter he/she has school children or not. School education in the United States is free and parents are free to choose a school for their children. But if parents send their child to a school of another school district they have to pay the sum equivalent to the school tax directly to the school the child goes to.

There are also a lot of private schools, mainly religious, and parents have to pay for them. The cost is $ 5,000 - $ 10,000 a year.

There is no home education in the United States. Each invalid is supposed to attend school. School provides all the necessary conditions for them to study.

The school system structure in the United States looks like this. Children start going to school at the age of five. First they go to eight-year elementary school and then to high school or if they go to five- or six-year elementary school, they then attend three- or four-year middle school, and then high school. Teenagers study at high school four years and graduate from it at the age of eighteen. Members of each grade in high school have special names:

A ninth grader is called a Freshman,
- a tenth grader - a Sophomore,
- an eleventh grader - a Junior,
- a twelfth grader - a Senior.

The completion of high school is called graduation. In order to graduate, students must accumulate a certain amount of credits during their four years at school. Credits are points given for every subject that is passed successfully. In addition to that, students must successfully complete specific subjects required by the state or local educational authorities, such as US history, English, mathematics and physical education. This may vary from state to state.

Over 60% of school graduates continue their education in two- or four-year colleges or universities. At least 10% of high school students are allowed to finish school at the age of 16.

A school year starts at the beginning of September or at the end of August and ends in late June or early July, just before the Independence Day, and is divided into three terms/trimesters or four quarters. School children have winter and spring breaks for two or three weeks and summer vacation for six up to eight weeks.

There is a great variety of Saturday, Sunday, vocational and other schools. The most popular one is summer school. It is for students who want to get a deeper knowledge in a particular subject, or to skip a year, or just fail their examinations. It lasts six weeks and parents have to pay for it.

Students go to school five days a week. They get to and from school by a school bus. A typical school day in America starts at 7.30 AM with the Pledge of Allegiance in which the US flag and the whole nation is glorified. Then follows the homeroom period during which a homeroom teacher calls the roll and the principal makes his/her announcements over the intercom. Every day students usually have seven periods which last 50-55, sometimes 45 minutes. In some schools there are four periods lasting 90 minutes. There are 2-5 minute passing between periods and a break of 30 minutes for lunch.

American schools today house a large number of students but making friends can be difficult, as the same group of students does not attend all the classes. In order to encourage meeting and knowing a broader population at school, special emphasis is placed on so-called extracurricular activities where interests, rather than academic ability, bring students together.

Extracurricular activities are the many club meetings, music or drama rehearsals, and sport practice sessions that take place in American high school in the afternoon after classes. These meetings are a very important part of high school life, since they are a link between different groups of students who are placed in various academic programs. Students who usually would not meet in the classroom get to know each other in areas of common interest. They give students the opportunity to further their specific interests in various fields and to spend their free time together.

Even though they are not mandatory, many students get involved in different extracurricular activities. Since students spend a lot of time participating in various activities, school becomes the center of social life for students. They not only go to school to study the material presented in class, but they also meet together to socialize and to pursue their interests.

Other important activities in American high school are sports teams. Most schools offer a variety of teams for both boys and girls. American football, basketball and base-ball are played in the majority of schools. In addition, one may find tennis, gymnastics, hockey, swimming, golf, volleyball, cross-country, and track and field teams, depending again on the size and financial resources of the school. Soccer is also growing in popularity.

Usually schools have varsity teams, which complete with other schools and which have very intensive training, and intramural teams, which play other teams within the school itself. In most schools, there is a great deal of competition between students to join the varsity team. There often are schools regulations that make it difficult for new students to join. On the intramural teams most students are welcome to participate.

In many schools girls have fewer possibilities than boys. Smaller schools may not have some of the above-mentioned teams for girls. But a special group of girls and boys play an important part at the football and basketball games. They are called cheerleaders and they lead the crowd in cheers for their team.

In addition to clubs and sports teams, one will find the Student Council and the class officer meetings. Students are elected by their school and classmates to represent them in these bodies and to organize activities for their school.

U.S. colleges and universities offer a vide variety of programs ranging from highly academic courses to very practical ones. Students can be educated not only for academic professions, but also for technical professions, such as mechanics, nursing, medical technology, computer technology and book-keeping.

In universities young people study four years to get bachelor"s degree. If one wants to get master"s degree he/she must study two years more and do a research work. If one has master"s degree, studies more, does a research work and passes an oral, comprehensive examination he/she gets doctor"s degree (PhD).

The system of education in the USA varies greatly from state to state. School education in so called state public schools is free. Parents are free to choose any public school for their children. Although there are a lot of private schools, mainly religious, and parents have to pay for them. A school year starts in September and ends in June. It is divided into three terms or four quarters.

American children start attending elementary schools at the age of 6. They continue their studies for eight years there (8 grades). Their basic subjects in the curriculum at this stage are English, Arithmetic, Natural Science, History, Geography, Foreign Language and some others. After that pupils may enter a Senior high school or if they go to a 5- or 6-year elementary school, they then attend a 3- or 4-year Junior high school, and then enter a Senior high school. Pupils graduate from high schools at the age of 18. The high schools (also known as secondary schools) are generally larger and accommodate teenagers from four or five elementary schools. During the school year the students study four or five selective subjects according to their professional interests. They must complete a certain number of courses to receive a high school diploma or a certificate of school graduation.

In order to develop social skills and encourage students’ participation in extracurricular activities every high school has an orchestra, a music band, a choir, drama groups, football, basketball and baseball teams. School becomes the centre of social life for students.

At American colleges and universities young people get higher education. They study for 4 years and get a Bachelor"s degree in arts or science. If a student wants to get a Master"s degree he must study for two more years and do a research work. Students who want to advance their education even further in a specific field can pursue a Doctor degree. The most famous American universities are Harvard, Princeton, Stanford, Yale, Columbia Universities.

Перевод

Система образования в США сильно отличается от штата к штату. Школьное образование в так называемых государственных школах является бесплатным. Родители могут свободно выбирать любую бесплатную школу для детей. Однако существует много частных школ, в основном, религиозных, и родителям нужно оплачивать обучение в них. Школьный год начинается в сентябре и заканчивается в июне. Он разделен на 3 семестра или же на 4 четверти.

Американские дети начинают посещение начальной школы в возрасте 6 лет. Они продолжают свое обучение в течение 8 лет (8 классов). Основными предметами в расписании на данном этапе считаются английский, арифметика, естествознание, история, география, иностранный язык и некоторые другие. Затем ученики могут перейти в Старшую среднюю школу или же, если они ходили в 5- или 6-летнюю начальную школу, тогда они посещают 3- или 4-летнюю Младшую среднюю школу и только затем переходят в Старшую. Учеников выпускают из средней школы в 18 лет. Средние школы, как правило, больше по размерам и вмещают в себя подростков из 4 или 5 начальных школ. В течение учебного года студенты изучают 4-5 выборочных предметов, в соответствии с их профессиональными интересами. Они обязаны пройти определенное количество курсов для того, чтобы получить диплом о среднем образовании или сертификат об окончании школы.

Для развития общественных навыков и поощрения студенческого участия во внешкольной жизни в каждой средней школе имеется оркестр, музыкальный коллектив, хор, театральная студия, команда по футболу, баскетболу и бейсболу. Школа становится центром общественной жизни для студентов.

В американских колледжах и университетах молодые люди получают высшее образование. Они обучаются в течение 4 лет и получают степень Бакалавра гуманитарных или естественных наук. Если студент намеревается получить степень Магистра, ему нужно учиться еще 2 года и провести исследовательскую работу. Студенты, желающие и далее продолжать обучение в отдельной отрасли знаний, могут получить степень Доктора. Самыми известными американскими университетами являются Гарвардский, Принстонский, Стэнфордский, Йельский и Колумбийский университеты.

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ВОЛГОГРАДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ

Семестровая работа за 1 семестр

На тему : Higher education in the USA

Выполнил: студент группы ИВТ-161, Вавилин А.Ю.

Проверил:

Краткая рецензия: …………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

Оценкаработы___________________ баллов.

Волгоград 2003

Higher Education in the USA.

Finishing school is the beginning of an independent life for millions of school graduates. Many roads are open before them. But it is not an easy thing to choose a profession out of more than the 2000 existing in the world.

Out of the more than three million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on for “higher education”. Simply by being admitted into one of the most respected universities in the United States, a high school graduate achieves a degree of success. A college at a leading university might receive applications from two percent of these high school graduates, and then accept only one out of every ten who apply. Successful applicants at such colleges are usually chosen on the basis of:

high school records;

recommendations from high school teachers;

the impression they make during interviews at the university;

their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SAT);

The system of higher education in the United States is complex. It comprises four categories of institution:

The university, which may contain:

several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor’s four-year degree;
one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor’s degree to obtain a master’s or a doctoral degree;

The four-year undergraduate institution – the college – most of which are not part of a university;

The technical training institution, at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from six months to four years in duration, and learn a wide variety of technical skills, from hair styling through business accounting to computer programming;

The two-year, or community college, from which students may enter many professions or may go to four-year colleges or universities.

Any of these institutions, in any category, might be either public or private, depending on the source of its funding. There is no clear or inevitable distinction in terms of quality of education offered between the institutions, which are publicly or privately funded. However, this is not to say that all institutions enjoy equal prestige, nor that there are no material differences among them.

Many universities and colleges, both public and private, have gained reputations for offering particularly challenging courses, and for providing their students with a higher quality of education. The great majority are generally regarded as quite satisfactory. A few other institutions, conversely, provide only adequate education, and students attend classes, pass examinations and graduate as merely competent, but not outstanding, scholars and professionals. The factors determining whether an institution is one of the best, or one of lower prestige, are: quality of teaching faculty, quality of research facilities, amount of funding available for libraries, special programs, etc., and the competence and number of applicants for admission, i.e. how selective the institution can be in choosing its students. All of these factors reinforce one another. In the United States it is generally recognized that there are more and less desirable institutions in which to study and from which to graduate. The more desirable institutions are generally – but not always – more costly to attend, and having graduated from one of them may bring distinct advantages as an individual seeks employment opportunities and social mobility within the society. Competition to get into such a college prompts a million secondary school students to take the SATs every year. But recently emphasis on admissions examinations has been widely criticized in the United States because the examinations tend to measure competence in mathematics and English. In defense of using the examinations as criteria for admissions, administrators at many universities say that SATs provide a fair way for deciding whom to admit when they have 10 or 12 applicants for every first-year student seat.

Can America’s colleges and universities rest on their accomplishments? About 12 million students currently attend schools of higher education in America. They are students in a society that believe in the bond between education and democracy.

Still, many Americans are not satisfied with the condition of higher education in their country. Perhaps the most widespread complaint has to do with the college curriculum as a whole and with the wide range of electives in particular. In the middle of 1980s, the Association of American Colleges (AAC) issued a report that called for teaching a body of common knowledge to all college students. The National Institute of Education (NIE) issued a somewhat similar report, “Involvement in Learning”. In its report, the NIE concluded that the college curriculum has become “excessively vocational and work-related”. The report also warned that college education may no longer be developing in students “the shared values and knowledge” that traditionally bind Americans together. A serious charge: Is it true?

For the moment, to some degree, it probably is. Certainly, some students complete their degree work without a course in Western Civilization – not to mention other world cultures. Others leave college without having studied science or government. As one response, many colleges have begun reemphasizing a core curriculum that all students must master.

Such problems are signs that American higher education is changing, as it has throughout its history. And, as in the past, this change may be leading in unexpected directions. The Puritans set up colleges to train ministers. But their students made their mark as the leaders of the world’s first constitutional democracy. The land grant colleges were founded to teach agriculture and engineering to the builders of the American West. Today, many of these colleges are leading schools in the world of scientific research. Americans have always had a stake in “making the system work”. They have especially critical reasons for doing so in the field of education. People in the United States today are faced with momentous questions: “What is America’s proper role as the world’s oldest constitutional democracy; its largest, economy; its first nuclear power?”

Americans cherish their right to express opinions on all such issues. But the people of the United States are also painfully aware of how complex such issues are. To take part in dealing with new problems, most Americans feel they need all the information they can get. Colleges and universities are the most important centers of such learning. And whatever improvements may be demanded, their future is almost guaranteed by the American thirst to advance and be well informed. In fact, the next charge in American education may be a trend for people to continue their education in college – for a lifetime.

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